介词 1。合成介词和复杂介词 1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without 2)复杂介词:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等 2。介词在句末: Thisiswhatheisinterestedin。 Doeseveryonehasaseattositon? 3。名词加介词(nprep) 1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor 2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:onone’sguard,atone’srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight 4。动词加介词 1)Viprep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon 2)VtOprep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等 3)Viadvprep: Idon’twishtobreakinonyourthoughts。 Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems。 You’renottellingmethewholestory。You’reholdingoutonme。 Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution。 4)VtOadvprep: Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentoutonme。 Weshouldn’tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning。 5。形容词加介词 aboutanxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc atawkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etc forconvenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfromevident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc indeficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc ofapprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc ondependent,keen,intent,etc toacceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc withawkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etc 定语从句 1。限制和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,通常用逗号与它的先行词分开。 Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained。 Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained。 如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou。 Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight。 Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates。 在非限制性定语从句中只能用whowhom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代。 Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday。 Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl。 2。定语从句的引导词 1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多)。如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom。 Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor。 Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon。 Thepeople(whothat)youweretalkingtowereSwedes。 TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet。 但在介词后只能用whom: ThisisthemantowhomIreferred。 但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些。 Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking? Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin。 Thegirl(whothat)Ispoketoismycousin。 2)限制性定语从句如果修饰物,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which。。当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时): Haveyoueverythingyouneed? (Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou? Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton。 在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一些: Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench。 Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench。 Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion。 Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout。 定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引导词用which: a)Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem。 Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted b)Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping。 Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas。 3)whose:在表示的这个概念时,可用所有格whose用于指物,有时可与ofwhich交替使用,通常的词序是名词词组ofwhich: Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast? Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear。(thepurposeofwhichwas)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten。(whosenameI’ve) ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在ofwhom之前。 Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd。 It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic。 4)关系副词when,where,why:它们的含义相当于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它们之间有交替使用的可能。 Thedaywhenhewasborn onwhichhewasborn whichhewasbornon Theofficewhereheworks atwhichheworks whichheworksat 有时可用that替代关系副词,在口语中that可省略。 Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous。 ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss。 Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink? Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday。 Thatisthereason(why)hedidit。 在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口语中that也可省略。 Thisistheway(thatinwhich)hedidit。 That’sthewayIlookatit。 3。如果定语从句中谓语为thereis,作主语的关系代词也常可省掉: ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople。 Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing。 4。定语从句的简化:定语从句与不定式结构,ing分词结构,ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系。 Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(whorealizedthedanger)。 Thewomandrivingthecar(whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft。Themaninjuredbythebullet(whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital。 Allthewomenpresent(whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm。